GPIL – German Practice in International Law

Published: 20 May 2019  Author: Stefan Talmon  DOI: 10.17176/20220113-144103-0

On 27 March 2019, India conducted “Mission Shakti”, an anti-satellite (ASAT) missile test. The country fired a surface-to-space ballistic missile at its own 740kg Microsat-R earth observation satellite at an altitude of 283km in low earth orbit (LEO). The missile hit the orbiting satellite which was the size of a small car destroying both the object and target with the force of the impact. The use of this kinetic-kill technique creates a cloud of debris that can threaten other satellites, spacecraft and the International Space Station (ISS). The United States National Air and Space Agency (NASA) estimated that Mission Shakti created at least 400 pieces of debris of which 24 were thrown into orbits with apogees above the ISS. The U.S. space agency also warned that the risk of debris colliding with the ISS had risen by 44 percent as a result of the Indian ASAT test. According to a preliminary assessment of the German Aerospace Centre of the 74 debris objects created by the test and for which orbital data was available, some 10 would remain in orbit for more than three months, some considerably longer. India, on the other hand, stated: “The test was done in the lower atmosphere to ensure that there is no space debris. Whatever debris that is generated will decay and fall back onto the earth within weeks.”

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Published: 05 April  2019 Author: Stefan Talmon  DOI: 10.17176/20220113-143334-0

Following the United States’ illegal recognition of Israel’s annexation of the occupied Syrian Golan, on 26 March 2019 Syria asked the UN Security Council presidency, then held by France, to schedule an urgent meeting in order to “discuss the situation in the occupied Syrian Golan and the recent flagrant violation of the relevant Security Council’s resolution by a permanent Member State.”

The Security Council was scheduled to meet behind closed doors on 27 March 2019 to discuss the situation in the Middle East and, in particular, the mandate of the peacekeeping force on the Golan, known as United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF). In response to Syria’s request, France decided to turn that meeting into a public session and to give members an opportunity to address the action by the United States. However, unlike the other speakers, Germany’s permanent representative to the United Nations, Ambassador Christoph Heusgen, did not dwell long on the subject. Rather, he used the opportunity for an all-out attack on the Syrian Government, stating: (more…)

Published: 04 April  2019 Author: Stefan Talmon  DOI: 10.17176/20220113-142327-0

At its sixty-ninth session in 2017, the International Law Commission (ILC) adopted the draft articles on crimes against humanity on first reading. In accordance with its statute, the ILC decided to transmit the draft articles through the Secretary-General to Governments, international organizations, and others for comments and observations. On 30 November 2018, Germany submitted written comments on both the ILC’s work on the crimes against humanity in general and on specific draft articles. The general comments read as follows: (more…)

Published: 01 April  2019  Author: Stefan Talmon  DOI: 10.17176/20220113-123733-0

During the Six-Day War in June 1967 Israel captured the western two-thirds of the Golan Heights from Syria and has occupied them ever since. Some 90,000 Syrians and some 17,000 Palestinian refugees registered with UNRWA fled or were driven from the territory. Over the years some 23,000 Israelis settlers moved to the territory and now live alongside the remaining Druze Arab population of roughly the same number. On 14 December 1981, the Knesset, the Parliament of Israel, passed the Golan Heights Law which provided, inter alia, that “the law, jurisdiction and administration of the state shall apply to the Golan Heights, as described in the Appendix.” The law amounted to the annexation of the territory by Israel which was not recognized by the international community. (more…)

Published: 04 March 2019  Author: Stefan Talmon  DOI: 10.17176/20220106-161121-0

On 3 February 2019, in a front page article headed “World powers warn SA on graft: Presidency receives unprecedented memo on corruption”, the South African newspaper Sunday Times reported that the German Embassy in Pretoria, together with the embassies of the Netherlands, Switzerland and the United States and the United Kingdom High Commission, had written to South African President Cyril Ramaphosa warning him that failure to act against those implicated in corruption placed foreign investment at risk. The five States account for 75 percent of foreign direct investment in South Africa. (more…)

Published: 21 February 2019  Author: Stefan Talmon  DOI: 10.17176/20220106-150249-0

When presenting the Federal Government’s 13th Human Rights Report to Parliament on 19 February 2019, Foreign Minister Heiko Maas announced that Germany would run again for the 47-member Human Rights Council in Geneva – a year earlier than planned. He stated: (more…)

Published: 20 February 2019  Author: Stefan Talmon  DOI: 10.17176/20220106-144527-0

On 19 February 2019, hearings in a war crimes trial before the Third Senate of the Higher Regional Court in Stuttgart opened (case file no. 3 – 3 StE 5/18). 29-year old Syrian national Mohamad K. – who served in the rebel “Free Syrian Army” from January 2012 to January 2013 – was charged, together with others, with the torture of two prisoners who were involved in a pro-government militia in the Syrian province of Idlib, according to the German Code of Crimes against International Law (CCAIL). Section 8(1)(3) of the CCAIL provides: (more…)

Published: 15 February 2019  Author: Stefan Talmon  DOI: 10.17176/20220106-142509-0

On 13 February 2019, the Federal Government adopted its 13th Human Rights Report. In 1991, Parliament called upon the Government to produce bi-annual reports on its human rights policy in both foreign relations and other policy fields. In its resolution, Parliament had declared: (more…)

Published: 14 February 2019  Author: Stefan Talmon  DOI: 10.17176/20220106-135456-0

Germany has been a party to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) since 1992. Every five years, State parties must submit a report to the Committee of the Rights of the Child on the measures they have adopted giving effect to the rights recognized in the Convention, and on the progress made on the enjoyment of those rights. On 13 February 2019, the German Government adopted the report to be submitted to the Committee for the period 2014-2018. The due date for the report is 4 April 2019. (more…)

Published: 09 February 2019  Author: Stefan Talmon  DOI: 10.17176/20220106-134624-0

On 4 September 2007, German authorities arrested Turkish citizen Adem Yilmaz, also known as Ebu Talha, together with two other members of a terrorist cell of the Islamic Jihad Union (IJU). The three had plotted bombing attacks against public places and U.S. military facilities in Germany, including Ramstein Air Base. The suspects had acquired chemical substances to make explosives equivalent to 550 kilograms of dynamite. On 4 March 2010, the Higher Regional Court of Düsseldorf sentenced Adem Yilmaz to 11 years imprisonment for participating as a member in a terrorist organization abroad; conspiracy to commit murder, cause an explosion and coerce constitutional organs; and acts in preparation of an explosion offence. Rendering the judgment, the presiding judge said that the case had “shown with frightening clarity what acts young people who are filled with hatred, blinded and seduced by wrong-headed ideas of jihad are prepared and able to carry out.” (more…)