Author: Stefan Talmon

Published: 23 December 2020 Authors: Stefan Talmon and Anna Dickmann-Peña

On 14 October 2006, the UN Security Council imposed sanctions on the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) in response to the country’s development and testing of nuclear weapons and ballistic missiles in flagrant disregard of relevant Security Council resolutions. In order to oversee the implementation of the sanctions, the Council, in resolution 1718 (2006), established a Committee consisting of all Council members (DPRK Sanctions Committee or 1718 Committee). According to the Guidelines for the work of the Committee, all decisions are made by consensus. The Chair of the Committee is encouraged to consult with Committee members before submitting an issue for decision. If consensus cannot be reached, the Chair may undertake such further consultations as may facilitate agreement. If despite best efforts no consensus can be reached, the Chair may bring the issue to the attention of the Council. In 2019-2020, the Committee was chaired by the Permanent Representative of Germany to the UN, Ambassador Christoph Heusgen. (more…)

Published: 22 December 2020 Author: Stefan Talmon

During the meeting of the UN Security Council on “The situation in the Middle East” on 5 October 2020, the Russian Federation, as President of the Council, proposed to invite Mr. José Bustani to brief the Council on the investigation of the use of chemical weapons in Syria by the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW). Mr. Bustani, who had been Director-General of the OPCW from 1997-2002, was to be invited under Rule 39 of the Council’s Provisional Rules of Procedure. However, Germany and five other Western member States of the Council objected to him being invited because the purpose of the meeting was to review the implementation of resolution 2118 (2013) and the OPCW Executive Council decision of 27 September 2013 on the scheduled destruction of Syria’s chemical weapons. The Western States argued that, as Mr. Bustani had left the OPCW more than a decade before the issue of chemical weapons in Syria came before the Council, he was not in a position to provide relevant knowledge or information on the topic of the meeting. The objection must also be seen against the background of Mr. Bustani having been critical of the OPCW’s investigation of the use of chemical weapons in Syria and Russia’s policy of undermining the credibility of the OPCW and trying to call into question the use of chemical weapons by its ally, the Syrian Government of President Bashar al-Assad. (more…)

Published: 16 December 2020 Author: Stefan Talmon

Throughout the year, Germany makes numerous statements on international law. Not all these statements form part of a case study presented on GPIL. However, these statements may nevertheless be of interest to international lawyers. We therefore compile these statements on a monthly basis. (more…)

Published: 11 December 2020 Author: Stefan Talmon

Shortly before noon on 23 August 2019, Zelimkhan K., also known as Tornike K., a Georgian citizen of Chechen ethnicity who had fled to Germany, was shot dead in an execution-style killing in Berlin’s central park, Kleiner Tiergarten. The victim had fought alongside Chechen rebels against Russian troops in the Second Chechen War from 1999 to 2009. The Russian Government had designated him a terrorist and issued a warrant for his arrest. The suspected killer, a Russian national, was arrested immediately after the crime and taken into custody. From the outset there was suspicion of Russian State involvement in the insidious murder. (more…)

Published: 09 December 2020 Author: Stefan Talmon

On 24 September 2020, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit affirmed the dismissal of a putative class action brought by representatives of several Ovaherero and Nama organizations against the Federal Republic of Germany. The plaintiffs had sought damages for the enslavement and genocide of the Ovaherero and Nama peoples more than a century ago by German colonial troops in what is now Namibia, as well as for property they alleged imperial Germany expropriated from the land and peoples. The judgment brought an end to legal proceedings that lasted more than three years and nine months. (more…)

Published: 03 December 2020 Author: Stefan Talmon

Mahan Air is a privately owned Iranian airline which was founded in 1991. It is Iran’s second largest carrier and operates scheduled domestic and international flights to the Far East, Middle East, Central Asia, and Europe. At the start of 2019, Mahan Air regularly serviced destinations in four Western European countries: France, Germany, Italy, and Spain. The airline had operated direct flights between Tehran and Düsseldorf since 2003 and had offered air services between the Iranian capital and Munich since 2015. At the same time, Mahan Air had been subject to U.S. sanctions since October 2011. The United States accused the airline of providing financial, material, and technological support to Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps-Quds Force (IRGC-QF), which had been designated by the United States in 2007 for providing material support to terrorism. (more…)

Published: 01 December 2020 Author: Stefan Talmon

In February 2011, in the early stages of the civil war in Libya, the UN Security Council imposed an arms embargo on the country. The embargo was tightened in June 2016 with the adoption of resolution 2292 (2016). Acting under Chapter VII of the UN Charter, the Security Council authorized Member States, acting nationally or through regional organizations, to inspect on the high seas off the coast of Libya vessels bound to or from Libya which they have reasonable grounds to believe are carrying arms or related materiel to or from Libya. This authorization was subsequently renewed on an annual basis, most recently on 5 June 2020 with the adoption of resolution 2526 (2020). These resolutions however, did not stop the influx of arms into Libya. The Security Council established a Panel of Experts to examine and analyse information regarding the implementation of the arms embargo; in particular, incidents of non-compliance. In its report of November 2019, the Panel of Experts remarked that “the arms embargo was ineffective, and resulted in regular maritime and air transfers to Libya of military materiel.” The Panel identified Jordan, Turkey and the United Arab Emirates as routinely and sometimes blatantly supplying weapons to the parties to the conflict, employing little effort to disguise the source. (more…)

Published: 21 November 2020 Author: Stefan Talmon

On 20 November 1945, the trials of 24 high ranking German officials started before the  International Military Tribunal in courtroom 600 at Nuremberg’s Palace of Justice. The Nuremberg Tribunal had been established by the four main victors of the Second World War:  the United States, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and France.

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Published: 19 November 2020 Author: Stefan Talmon

On 10 January 2019, Nicolás Maduro was sworn in for a second term as President of Venezuela after elections that were boycotted by the opposition and accompanied by claims of vote-rigging. Several countries declared that they would not recognize Mr. Maduro’s presidency as they considered the electoral process as lacking democratic legitimacy. On 15 January 2019, the Venezuelan National Assembly declared that Nicolás Maduro had taken the presidency illegally and therefore left the office vacant. Amongst widespread opposition protests, on 23 January 2019 Juan Guaidó, the President of the National Assembly, declared himself Interim President of Venezuela, invoking Article 233 of the Venezuelan Constitution of 1999. The opposition-led National Assembly had been elected on 6 December 2015, and remained the only democratically elected constitutional institution in Venezuela. It had elected Mr. Guaidó as its president on 5 January 2019. (more…)

Published: 17 November 2020 Author: Stefan Talmon

On 1 July 1997, the United Kingdom restored Hong Kong to Chinese sovereignty under a “one country, two systems” formula that provided for of a large degree of autonomy of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) within China. In particular, it was agreed that Hong Kong would be vested with independent judicial power, including that of final adjudication, and that the laws in force in Hong Kong would remain basically unchanged. When in February 2019 the Government of the HKSAR introduced a Bill which provided, inter alia, for extradition of fugitive offenders to the Chinese mainland, people in Hong Kong feared the undermining of Hong Kong’s separate legal system and its guarantees of rights and freedoms, many of which were not enjoyed in mainland China. In particular, it was feared that the proposed extradition arrangements would allow the Chinese Government to stifle political dissent in Hong Kong. The introduction of the Bill triggered multiple protests. In June 2019, large-scale protests led to violent clashes between demonstrators and the police. The German Federal Government expressed its concern over the Bill to the Hong Kong Government and announced that it was examining whether the current bilateral extradition agreement between Germany and Hong Kong could retain validity if the planned extradition law was adopted in its current form. On 15 June 2019, the Chief Executive of the HKSAR announced the suspension of the proposed Bill. However, violent protests continued, culminating in the storming of the HKSAR Legislative Council building and forcing the shutdown of the Hong Kong airport. Protestors called for a complete withdrawal of the Bill and demanded the resignation of the Chief Executive and the election of the Chief Executive by universal suffrage as foreseen in Hong Kong’s Basic Law. (more…)